Theory evolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hypothesis advancement - Research Paper Example They rose with an objective of fortifying the previously existing strategies. The first thoughts had a few shortcomings in their general vicinity of extension, field of inclusion and neglected to pinpoint in probably the most delicate angles that for sure can improve the way toward understanding the grown-up hypothesis. The elective strategies included some information grown-up learning, as, for instance; they thought of different standards of grown-up instruction that got dismissed by the first hypotheses. These incorporated the presumptions of self-idea, grown-up instruction experience, status to learn, direction to learn and inspiration to learn. These new presumptions that got added to the elective hypotheses welcomed an understanding and information on the most proficient method to move toward grown-up training (Jarvis and Jarvis, 2004). The elective strategies contributed different standards of Andragogy. The new laws gave different methods through which the procedure of grown-up learning can get very much understood (Flannery, 1993). These techniques have acquired a few experiences towards comprehension of the grown-up instruction. Researchers have gotten in a situation to get mindfulness on the adaptability and dynamism that Andragogy displays after some time (Merriam, 2008). Andragogy has additionally gotten comprehended as a procedure that has extraordinary contrasts in instructional method, because of the various suppositions and rules that are corresponding to those of

Assignment Essay Example

Task Essay Example Task Essay Task Essay Presentation: Electronic trade or e-business can be characterized as the way toward purchasing, selling, serving buyers, joint effort between colleagues, moving data and directing electronic exchange inside association by means of PC organize. E-business exchanges can be done between different gatherings. The basic sorts of online business pulling forces are as per the following: * Collaborate trade * Business-to-customers (B2C) * Consumers to business (C2B) * Consumer-to-shopper (C2C) * Intra business * Government to residents (G2C) Government Specialist or buyer Supplier Business Partner Questions You are required to pick a (B2B, B2C, C2B or C2C) business and dependent on the historical backdrop of the business over the most recent ten years answer the accompanying four inquiries Q. No. 1 Applying at any rate five investigative devices in vital administration plan a reasonable E-business system for the organization. Your proposed technique ought to be founded on your examination, and bolstered by assessment of your proposed approach, demonstrating its appropriateness for the association, and furthermore its connection to the company’s business methodology Ans: I need to pick a Business to Customer Business theme for my task Business to client (B2C) business: 1. Presentation: It is otherwise called e-following. In this kind of e-business, the venders are associations and the Byers are people. It bargains about different exercises of business about items and administrations to customers. It applies that selling of items or administrations to buyers by any association or business over their own utilization web. E. g Dell, Amazon and so forth. Q. NO. 3 comparable to the organization, assess the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for E-business achievement in current financial downturn. ANS: To possess high position in web based shopping market it is significant for retailers to try sincerely and to dissect basic achievement favtors. Such factors are considered as basic since inability to exceed expectations any of them may make extensive harm the organization. These variables include: * Develop customer’s trust: As the retailers assume the liability of numerous business forms so it is essential to have clients trust over their retailers. * Developing individual sites for clients: It is imperative to customized singular client. As: when you open the site of Amazon. om then it initially welcomes by and by to every person and offering a selection of items dependent on close to home inclinations. * Providing an assortment of an item: Customer needs assortments of every item. In this manner, online retailers must surpass to offer assortments of item to create devotion to the business. * Reliability and nature of the items: It is critical to furnish solid items wi th magnificent quality also draw in clients. * Competitive costs: The web causes estimating noticeable to each client with the goal that clients to can without much of a stretch looks at between the costs of same item from various retailers. Appropriateness of accessible data: Available data ought to be utilized in viable manners and attempt to make it monetarily appealing. * Creating appropriate installment technique: Retailers should give more accentuation in installment strategy and make it simple and mistake free. There are additionally numerous achievement factors for the turn of events and supportability of e-business, for example, * Technology framework: It incorporates reasonableness of the product with other explicit programming frameworks. It ought to be dependable and ready to perform with huge quantities of individuals. * Income Stream: There have been different plans of action to clarify how e-commercial center makes benefit which are identified with administrations in different markets, commission on exchanges and so forth * Transition organization framework: Software of e-business is dependable to carryout installments and agreements suitably and assists with overseeing enrollment administrations. * Participants: It is commonly accepted that, it is smarter to spur existing providers and clients as opposed to include new members. Also, the presence of any e-business is completely relies on its number of individuals. With the goal that it is considered as significant issues. * Fulfillment of member needs: The achievement or disappointment of any e-business can be investigated whether they become ready to fulfill their members. An e-business that become ready to fulfill their members are considered as effective e-business. * Relationship the board: It is significant factor to create and keep up trust between the members of the commercial center. * Security: It is imperative to keep up a security according to monetary exchanges and in the classified data.

American Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Education - Research Paper Example † The speculation tried was the straightforward answer: â€Å"No. Not at all.† 2. Presentation In the early times of American History, Christianity framed the principle wellspring of information and instructing. Prior to the rise of the Private School System, the Church impact was famous on the American Education System. According to the establishing rules and guidelines set for the running of the training framework, the American Federal Government had no privileges of obstruction in the field of instruction. Anyway with the progression of time, it was felt essential that the nation must have halfway settled instruction framework (Haugen and Susan, pp43-49).â The Federal Ministry of Interior was liable for taking care of the undertakings of training which remembered a wide range of financing until for 1979 when the Federal Ministry of Education was built up officially. After 1979, all the undertakings of the training in United States of America are tended to in the Min istry of Education. There is anyway a special case to certain states that they can frame and actualize approaches of their own which target profiting the instructive organizations. In United States, other than the administration, there are social gatherings and instructive associations which help and reserve in training division. The United States’ law ensures each citizen’s right of getting training. ... American Education System is anyway not up to the necessary imprint which would help the compatriots accomplish the stature and greatness among the countries of the world. The establishments are instructing the understudies with an expect to fill them with information on hypothesis having no endeavor to turn them viable. They should regardless of attempt to make them trend-setters as to make them equipped for conceiving their own techniques for progress. The old technique for retention of stuff is against the present day prerequisites of aptitudes. The framework has neglected to create inside the understudy a will to overcome (Diane, pp74-88). Tony Wagner shakes against the American Education System in a quiet way: â€Å"Today information is pervasive, continually changing, developing exponentially†¦. Today information is free. It’s like air, it’s like water. It’s become a commodity†¦. There is no upper hand today in knowing more than the individual cl ose to you. The world doesn’t care what you know. What the world thinks about is the thing that you can do with what you know† (Wagner and Compton, p 56). The schools in United States can't create trailblazers which imply that American culture must experience the ill effects of latency: â€Å"The culture of tutoring as we as a whole know is profoundly at chances with the way of life of discovering that produces innovators† (Wagner and Compton, p 59). His decision depended on the exploration he directed during visits of countless schools. He was certain that the present framework whenever continued for long would bring about a general public without trend-setters. Numerous reasons have been thought upon by the specialists of the American Education System which thwart advancements. Understudies are educated to focus after improving their GPA.

Yes, the GMAT does test so that vs. so as to

Thank you to Soph Lundeberg  at Soph-wise Tutoring in San Diego for calling this to my attention. Soph wrote: The following Magoosh blog claims the GMAT will not test so as to versus so that, and furthermore, the two are idiomatically acceptable. https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/so-lets-talk-about-so/ The solution for #150 is on page 302. Ericas solution says All of other options are idiomatically unacceptable but does not have any further explanation for why A, so as to escape, is wrong, whereas the longer construction, so that she could escape is correct. If two constructions are acceptable, shorter = better, right?   I checked the Magoosh blog post, which claimed that the GMAT would never ask test-takers to choose between so that and so as to, and something really did not sit quite right about it. There was just no way I would have bothered to put â€Å"so that† and â€Å"so as to† head to head in a question unless I’d actually seen the GMAC do so first. Luckily, thanks to the question index in my Sentence Correction guide (pats self on back), I managed to retrace my steps, and sure enough, there on p. 709 of the 2019 Official Guide was question 720, in which â€Å"so that† and â€Å"so as to† were pitted against one another. And yes, â€Å"so that† won. So if youre using my GMAT SC guide and also happen to come across that blog post, know that Magoosh is wrong on this one and that question #150 is based on something the GMAC has actually tested. I double-checked the answer key, and even though the justification for the answer was given in terms of subject consistency and some other really unnecessarily complicated grammatical mambo jumbo, I stand by the assertion that it’s easiest to think of the distinction in idiomatic terms. The other way isnt wrong, but it makes things way more complicated than they need to be. (Note to anyone studying for the GMAT: overcomplicating Sentence Correction grammar is a game that a lot people love to play because it makes them feel superior. Try not to fall into that trap; some of the concepts are challenging, but they’re generally nowhere near as complex as some of the â€Å"experts† at certain GMAT forums make them out to be. And, for that matter, the people at the GMAC.) Simply put, â€Å"so that† is a cleaner and more concise than so as to, even if it does create a slightly longer construction overall. In contrast, â€Å"so as to† is the sort of awkward, slightly puffed up transitional phrase that weaker writers tend to use in an attempt to sound more sophisticated. That in turn makes a good construction for the GMAT to target. Besides, â€Å"so that† is a word pair, and given the choice between an answer (or answers) that includes a correctly used word pair and one(s) that don’t, the former is basically always going to be right. In theory, could the GMAT could create a question whose answer included a â€Å"so as to† construction? Sure: the test has been known to break its own rules on occasion. But the chances of that occurring are so small that they’re not even really worth considering. If you’d like a slightly more advanced, logic-based explanation, you can also try thinking of it this way: â€Å"so† is a transition whose sole function is to convey cause-and-effect relationships, whereas â€Å"as† can be used to indicate that two events are occurring simultaneously, or, alternately, as a synonym for â€Å"because.† As a result of these two definitions, constructions with â€Å"as† can create somewhat fuzzy meanings, and so the GMAT avoids using it to indicate cause-and-effect relationships. (The chance that a correct answer will include â€Å"as† used to mean â€Å"because† is for all intents and purposes zero. If you ever see a non-official question that includes this construction in a correct answer, that’s a sign that the material is not reliable.) In contrast, â€Å"so that† has exactly one specific function, which is to indicate that x was done to produce y result. Thus, insofar as causes and effects are concerned, â€Å"so that† (or â€Å"in order to†) wins out over a construction with â€Å"as.†

One More Drink For The Good Times - 925 Words

One More Drink for the Good Times â€Å"Let’s meet up and indulge in a little drinking this weekend!!† That statement is one heard among the college community nationwide nowadays. Binge drinking with others to gain new friendships, meet people, among other reasons, on college campuses is the thought process countless students believe today. â€Å"The Harvard School of Public Health found in 1993 that binge drinking is widespread on American campuses, particularly among members of fraternities and sororities (Bruffee, 1999).† If college students think binge drinking and partying is â€Å"cool† and the best way to meet new friends, they need to think again! Binge drinking is a career killer with terrible consequences. Finding and receiving the available support when it becomes out of control is the key to gaining a successful college education and finishing school with a degree. Friends or no friends! First-year college students start out with few friendsh ips in the beginning and typically have a strong desire to make new friends as soon as possible. Some have a belief making new buddies requires participating in binge drinking, yet doing so is not worth the dangers and risk. â€Å"Binge drinking is tied to some of the most desired aspects of American college life-parties, social lines, dormitory living, athletics, and interaction with friends (Wechsler, Dowdall, Davenport, and Castillo, 1995).† Every college student wants to have fun with friends while attendingShow MoreRelatedStop Drinking Soda Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesdeciding what to eat and drink, they must always look at how it will affect them, regardless of how good it tastes. Every food is filled with things that are good and bad. Soft drinks are the most consumed beverage in the world today. Unfortunately, soft drinks are extremely toxic. Whether soft drinks satisfy thirst and taste good, this should not be a good enough reason to drink it. We should all do our bodies a favor and stop drinking soda. By replacing soft drinks with healthier beveragesRead MoreReducing Consumption Of Sugary Drinks Essay865 Words   |  4 Pagestax is to reduce consumption of sugary drinks, a report by the Institute of Economic Affairs (Sugar Tax: A Briefing, 2016) has listed out several possible complications from this policy. One of the unintended implications of the sugar tax is that businesses may choose to absorb the tax levy to keep the price of sugary drinks constant despite making lower profits. Effectively, consumers are not affected by this policy and will continue to purchase sugary drinks. Moreover, consumers might choose to substituteRead MoreSoft Drinks Are Toxic Essay998 Words   |  4 Pageswhat to eat and drink, they must always look at how it will affect them, regardless of how good it tastes. Every food is filled with things that are good and bad. Soft drinks are the most consumed beverage in the world today. Unfortunately, soft drinks are extremely toxic. Whether soft drinks sa tisfy thirst and taste good, this should not be a good enough reason to drink it. We should all do our bodies a favor and stop drinking soda. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By replacing soft drinks with healthierRead MoreSports Drinks, Or Carbohydrate Electrolyte Beverages1034 Words   |  5 PagesSports drinks, or carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages, are intended to maintain hydration and restore electrolytes, unlike energy drinks (which contain caffeine). There are two main goals for theses drinks rehydration and fuel for exercising muscles. As an athlete taking of your body is vital in order to have success in any sport. There are many different ways to help your body perform at the highest level possible. 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Since 1991 there were more teens drinking at that time then there was in 2005 yes there ain t as many teens that drink. 85% of the teens that do drink and drive have had more than one drink they have had up to five drinks. Teens that think they can drive after just having a beer or two are wrong, first of all you shouldn t drive if you had anything to drink at all. If you do have a drink you shouldRead MoreThe Effects Of Soda, Sports Drinks And Energy Drinks On The Enamel Of A Persons Teeth1094 Words   |  5 Pagestooth enamel? Are sports drinks better for you than soda? This paper will discuss the effects of soda, sports drinks and energy drinks on the enamel of a person’s teeth, what is enamel and why is it important . Dental erosion is a chronic loss of dental hard tissue that is chemically etched away from the tooth surface by acid. Most people would believe that the sugar in drinks was the main reason for the damage to their teeth. Although an excessive amount of sugar is not good for the teeth or body,Read MoreSoft Latte Demand At Starbucks1366 Words   |  6 Pages1 Flavored Latte Demand at Starbucks Patten University Managerial Economics 2 Starbucks is one of the largest known coffee distributors within the United States. Their mission statement is â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time†. Their objective is to be one of the most well known and respected brands around the world. With 21,366 stores around the world, operating in 65 countries, they are a major company that has influence on the economy inRead MoreEnergy Drinks Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthemselves tend to eventually get more tired by mid-day and as their day goes on. A simple solution would be to go to bed earlier and eat better foods. However, our society has become very lazy, obese, and have started to take the easy way out over the years. Instead of eating better and trying to get more sleep, people drink energy drinks as an easy and fast way to get a boost of energy. Energy drinks have been around since the nineteen-sixties and have become increasingly more popular. There ar e hundredsRead MoreThe Effects Of Energy Drinks On The Human Body845 Words   |  4 PagesThe effects of energy drinks once poured in the human body Once you consume an energy drink your whole body is affected including you brain, your bloodstream, your heart, and your skin. Energy drinks are really bad for you if you drink it a lot; they say it could affect how you work out because energy drinks lead to sugar crashes. You don’t want to work out and in the middle of your work out, you get tired all of the sudden, if you drink one after you work out you would just get tired and you

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the Workplace...

People with disabilities have become an integral part of the workforce. The ADA forbids discrimination against people with disabilities when recruiting, hiring, training, and compensating employees (Sotoa Kleiner, 2013). The ADA prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental and establishes requirements for telecommunications relay services (activities (Stryker, R. (2013). Employers are not allowed to ask employees if they have a disability. The employers are not allowed to ask employees with disabilities to undergo a medical exam before an offer of employment unless all applicants are required to take the same exam (Kaye, Jans, Jones,†¦show more content†¦Every employee in the organization should be given the necessary accommodations to make sure they are working in an environment that is safe. Organizations struggle with ADA because they are unaware of the guidelines set by t he law and they lack the expertise to manage the needs for the employees. Every person in the organization with a disability has a different need. Organizations work around the clock in many occasions to comply with the accommodations of each individual in the organization. Educating staff in how to comply with the requirements of ADA can be quite challenging. Organizations are afraid to hire, retain or accommodate workers with disabilities because of lack of awareness of disability and accommodations issues, concern over costs, and legal liability (Kaye et al., 2011). It is therefore the responsibility of the organization to educate management about the law and train on disabilities and accommodations. The guidelines, regulations, and building codes should be implemented to make the facility more welcoming and inviting to workers with disabilities (Stryker, R. (2013). Having workers with disabilities can be beneficial to organizations. Sotoa Kleiner, 2013, recommend to incorporate disability into the agency’s diversity statement, increase supervi sor knowledge of the employment of people withShow MoreRelatedReasonable Accommodation In The Workplace Under the American with Disabilities Act (ADA)1796 Words   |  8 Pages Reasonable Accommodation in the Work Place Under ADA nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There may be as many as one thousand different disabilities that affect over forty-three million Americans. Of all the laws and regulations governing the treatment of those Americans the American with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the most recent major law. It was passed in 1990 and although it is spelled out in a technical ADA manual that is several hundred pages in length. 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With no other reason other than the persons physical disability, they were turned away or released from a job. The ADA gives civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national originRead MoreEmployment Laws and Human Resource Management Strategy1592 Words   |  6 Pageswho ma y experience physical limitations. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the employment law corresponding to this problem. 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Polymer formulation Essay Example For Students

Polymer formulation Essay Outline1 Chapter 12 Introduction3 Chapter 24 LITERATURE REVIEW5 2.1. Nucleation and Crystallisation of Semi-Crystalline Polymers6 2.1.1. Crystallization Mechanisms7 2.1.2. Primary Nucleation8 2.1.2.1. Homogeneous Nucleation9 2.1.2.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation10 2.1.2.3. Orientation-Induced Nucleation11 2.1.3. Crystal Growth12 2.1.3.1. Primary Crystallization13 2.1.3.2. Secondary Crystallization14 2.1.4. Rate of Crystallization15 Crystal Growth Shape16 Nucleation Mode17 Avrami Exponent ( N )18 2.2. High Density Polyethylene ( HDPE )19 2.2.1. Chemical Structure, Crystallisation Rate and Morphology20 2.3. Organic Pigments21 2.3.1. Copper Phthalocyanine Pigments: Copper Phthalocyanine Green22 2.3.2. Consequence of Copper Phthalocyanine Green and Other Organic Pigments on Properties and Crystallisation Behaviour of Moulded Polyolefins23 2.4. Nucleating Agents24 2.4.1. Heterogeneous Nucleation of Polyethylene: Nucleating Agents Based on Potassium Stearate and Carboxylic Acid Salts25 2.5. So lving Organic Pigment Induced Shrinkage and Warpage in Polyolefins26 2.5.1. A Review of Possible Approaches27 2.5.2. Extinguishing Shrinking and Warpage by Incorporation of Nucleating Agents28 2.6. Word picture Techniques29 2.6.1. Differential Scaning Calorimetry ( DSC )30 2.6.2. Polarised Light Optical Microscopy ( PLOM )31 2.6.3. Shrinking Isotropy Measurements Chapter 1 Introduction Pigments are additives in a polymer preparation which provide countless possibilities to interior decorators who want to distinguish their merchandise. Legislation and uprising environmental consciousness has led to the gradual phasing out of heavy metal inorganic pigments and increased use of organic pigments. Despite their good heat stableness, light speed, tinctorial strength and low cost, certain organic pigments are widely known to do important warpage in polyethylene moldings ( even at pigment concentrations every bit low as 0.1 % wt ) . This phenomenon is particularly common in big thin-walled moldings such as palpebras, bottle crates and trays. It is by and large accepted that the warpage phenomenon is caused by the nucleating consequence these organic pigments have on polythene. They act as nucleating agents, increasing crystallization rate and changing the morphology of moldings. Morphologic alterations cause higher internal emphasis which leads to deformation. Adding on to the job, different organic pigments nucleate polythene to different grades, doing it impossible to bring forth moldings with indistinguishable dimensions utilizing indistinguishable processing conditions when a assortment of pigments are used. Numerous efforts have already been made, with normally moderate success, to work out organic pigment induced warpage. They range from seting procedure parametric quantities, mould design alterations, pre-treatment of pigments, to incorporation of extra additives. A reappraisal of literature in this research country showed that although some surveies have been conducted to look into the incorporation of nucleating agents to overrule nucleating effects of organic pigments on polypropene, limited information of this kind exists for polythene. The particular mechanism behind nucleating agents overruling nucleation by organic pigments is besides still ill-defined. Therefore, it is the purpose of this research to analyze the influence of nucleating agents, based on K stearate and carboxylic acid salts, on the crystallization and warpage behavior of high denseness polythene incorporating Cu phthalocyanine green pigment. Differential Scaning Calorimetry ( DSC ) and Optical Microscopy ( OM ) will be employed to follow the crystallization behavior of the preparations and correlativities between rate of crystallization and shrinking behavior will besides be made. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Nucleation and Crystallisation of Semi-Crystalline Polymers 2.1.1. Crystallization Mechanisms Crystallization involves the formation of an ordered construction from a broken stage, such as thaw or dilute solution. The crystallisation procedure of polymers is thermodynamically driven. It is governed by alteration in Gibbs free energy, ?G. ?G = ?H T?S ( 2-1 ) Where ?H is change in heat content, T is absolute temperature and ?S is change in information. When ?G is negative, crystallization is thermodynamically favorable. This occurs when loss of enthalpy upon crystallisation exceeds the loss of information multiplied by absolute temperature. It can hence be derived that as the absolute temperature of the system falls, the driving force of crystallization will increase. For a polymer to clear, it must conform to the undermentioned demands: Molecular construction must be regular plenty to let crystalline telling Crystallization temperature must be below runing point but non near to glaze passage temperature Nucleation must happen before crystallization Crystallization rate should be sufficiently high A hundred per centum crystallinity is non possible in polymers due to factors such as concatenation webs, syrupy retarding force and ramification. Thus they are termed ‘semi-crystalline . All semi-crystalline polymers exhibit a alone equilibrium runing temperature above which crystallites thaws and below which a molten polymer starts to clear. The crystallization of semi-crystalline polymers is a two-step procedure dwelling crystal nucleation and crystal growing. 2.1.2. Primary Nucleation Primary nucleation can be defined as the formation of short-range ordered polymer collections in thaw which act as a focal Centre around which crystallisation can happen. There are three mechanisms of primary nucleation, viz. , homogenous nucleation, heterogenous nucleation and orientation induced nucleation. 2.1.2.1. Homogeneous Nucleation Homogeneous nucleation involves the self-generated creative activity of karyon in a semi-crystalline polymer thaw when it is cooled below its equilibrium thaw temperature. This procedure is termed every bit sporadic as karyons are formed in timely sequence. Creation of karyon occurs when statistical fluctuation within a polymer thaw consequences in the formation of ordered assemblies of concatenation sections larger than a critical size ; normally between 2-10nm. Below this critical size, the karyon are unstable and may be destroyed. By and large, super-cooling to between 50-100 °C below equilibrium thaw temperature is minimally required to accomplish true homogenous nucleation. The super-cooling is attributed to the energy barrier homogenous karyons are required to get the better of to make stableness. . When molecular sections pack following to each other to organize an embryo, there is a alteration in free energy, ?G, caused by two opposing mechanisms. The creative activity of new crystal surface additions free energy ( ?S is negative ) while the decrease in volume of the system decreases free energy ( ? ( U+pV ) ? ?H is negative ) . The two opposing mechanisms lead to a size-dependent free energy curve which defines critical karyon size. A little embryo has high surface to volume ratio and so ?G is positive ; in other words, crystal growing is non thermodynamically favorable. However as nuclei grow, the surface to volume ratio decreases up to a point where volume alteration outweighs the creative activity of new surface and alteration in free energy lessening ; crystal growing becomes progressively likely. This point is defined as critical karyon size and above this point, the energy barrier is overcome. Finally when ?G becomes negative, nuclei are thermodynamically stable, pav ing the manner for farther growing into gill or spherulites. The minimal figure of unit cells required to organize a stable karyon lessening when temperature lessening, due to a decrease in energy barrier. In other words, the rate of homogenous nucleation additions when temperature of the polymer decreases. 2.1.2.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation In pattern, one normally observes heterogenous nucleation and non homogenous nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation involves the formation of karyon on the surface of foreign organic structures present in the liquefied stage of a semi-crystalline polymer. The foreign organic structures can take the signifier of adventitious drosss such as dust atoms or accelerator leftovers, nucleating agents added on intent or crystals of the same stuff already present in the liquefied stage ( self-seeding ) . The presence of foreign organic structures greatly reduces the energy barrier for the formation of stable karyon. This ground for this is, polymer molecules which solidify against preexistent surfaces of foreign organic structures create less new liquid/solid interface than the same volume of polymer molecules organizing a homogenous karyon. In bend, critical size of karyon is smaller in heterogenous nucleation as compared to homogeneous nucleation so that heterogenous nucleation ever occurs at lower supercooling. Foreign organic structures with crystallographic spacings fiting the semi-crystalline polymer are particularly effectual heterogenous nucleating agents. Favorable nucleation sites include crystal grain boundaries, clefts, discontinuities and pits. 2.1.2.3. Orientation-Induced Nucleation Orientation-induced nucleation is caused by some grade of molecular alliance in the liquefied stage of a semi-crystalline polymer. Molecular alliance reduces the information difference between the molten and crystalline province of the polymer. This sort of nucleation is of import in assorted procedures such as fibre melt-spinning, film-forming and injection molding. In these procedures, polymer thaw is sheared before and during crystallization. 2.1.3. Crystal Growth 2.1.3.1. Primary Crystallization Primary crystallization occurs when thaw of a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled below its equilibrium thaw temperature. It involves molecular sections lodging onto the turning face of crystallites or karyon. The attendant crystal growing occurs along the a and B axes, comparative to the polymer s unit cell. These add-ons of molecular sections can happen through two mechanisms: tight fold next re-entry or independent deposition ( illustrated in Figure 2.3 ) . Tight fold next re-entry requires that concatenation stems be laid down continuously from a individual polymer molecule in a series of hairpin decompression sicknesss until its length is exhausted. This individual molecule is thought to be ‘reeled in from environing liquefied stuff. This mechanism requires that molecular gestures along the polymer molecule s contour length to be several times faster than the rate of crystal growing. On the other manus, the independent deposition mechanism merely requires localised gesture of molecular sections. Molecular sections merely need to re-organise sufficiently to aline with molecular sections at the crystallite face. tight fold next re-entry independent deposition 2.1.3.2. Secondary Crystallization After a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled to room temperature, crystallization is still thermodynamically favorable but restricted by the low mobility of molecular sections in its formless parts. Over an drawn-out period of clip, which can cross from hours to hebdomads, re-arrangement of molecular sections within formless parts can take to farther crystal growing. This procedure is defined as secondary crystallization. Secondary crystallization can take two signifiers ; either thickener of preexistent crystallites by re-organisation of formless concatenation sections next to crystallite surface or creative activity of new crystallites by re-organisation of formless concatenation sections in interstitial parts between preexistent crystallites. 2.1.4. Rate of Crystallization The crystallization of semi-crystalline polymers is a two-step procedure and hence overall crystallization rate is governed by both nucleation rate and crystal growing rate. Both factors are extremely temperature dependant, as illustrated in Figure 2.4. When temperature is merely below equilibrium runing point, there exists a meta-stable part where rate of nucleation is low as karyon that are formed dissolve easy due to high thermic gestures. As super-cooling additions, thermodynamic conditions become more favorable and rate of nucleation additions and reaches a maximal near the glass passage temperature. On the other manus, kinetic conditions are less favorable as super-cooling causes viscousness to increase. This consequences in a displacement in maximal rate of crystal growing to higher temperatures where viscousness lessening is balanced by formation of karyon. Overall crystallization rate at a given temperature is normally expressed as the opposite of clip needed for half of the crystals to turn in the polymer ( 1/ t1/2 ) . When crystallization occurs under isothermal conditions, its advancement can be expressed by the Avrami equation: Ninety ( T ) = 1 exp ( -K.tn ) ( 2-2 ) Where Xc ( T ) is the fraction of stuff transformed at clip T, N is the Avrami advocate and K is the Avrami rate invariable. Equation ( 2-2 ) may besides be written as: ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) = n ln ( T ) + ln K ( 2-3 ) So that N and K may be obtained by plotting ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) against ln ( T ) ; n is the incline while ln K is the y-intercept. The value of the Avrami advocate, N, is dependent on mechanism of nucleation and geometry of crystal growing. Theoretical values of n matching to different nucleation manners and crystal growing form are tabulated in Table 2.1. Crystal Growth Shape Nucleation Mode Avrami Exponent ( N ) Rod Heterogeneous 1 Homogeneous 2 Phonograph record Heterogeneous 2 Homogeneous 3 Sphere Heterogeneous 3 Homogeneous 4 Table 2.1: Relation between Ns and nucleation manner / crystal growing form When crystallization occurs under constant-cooling-rate conditions, its advancement can be expressed by the Ozawa equation: Ninety ( T ) = 1 exp ( -? ( T ) / ?m ) ( 2-4 ) Where ? ( T ) is the Ozawa rate invariable, ? is the changeless chilling rate ( ?T/?t ) and m is the Ozawa advocate. Equation ( 2-4 ) may besides be written as: ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) = m ln ( T ) + ln ? ( T ) ( 2-5 ) So that m and ? ( T ) may be obtained by plotting ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) against ln ( T ) ; m is the incline while ln ? ( T ) is the y-intercept. Qiu et Al. combined the Avrami and Ozawa equations to do a connexion between the Avrami and Ozawa advocates: log ? = log F ( T ) a log T ( 2-6 ) Where a = n/m and the kinetic map F ( T ) = ( ? ( T ) / K ) 1/m. At a given grade of crystallinity, a secret plan of log ? against log T will give a and log F ( T ) as the incline and y-intercept severally. 2.2. High Density Polyethylene ( HDPE ) 2.2.1. Chemical Structure, Crystallisation Rate and Morphology High denseness polythene, HDPE, is a semi-crystalline polymer made up of repetition units ( C2H4 ) N and has a general signifier as illustrated in Figure 2.5. It consists chiefly of unbranching molecules with really few defects to interrupt its one-dimensionality or hinder crystalline wadding. As such, HDPE has a high rate of crystallization, grade of crystallinity and denseness ( 0.94-0.97 g/cm3 ) . Bing a semi-crystalline polymer, HDPE exhibits a three-phase morphology dwelling of submicroscopic crystals surrounded by a non-crystalline stage consisting a partly ordered bed adjacent to the crystals and disordered stuff in the intervening infinites. This is illustrated in Figure 2.6. The unit cell of HDPE, defined as the smallest agreement of its concatenation sections that can reiterate in three dimensions to organize a crystalline matrix, is orthorhombic ; a cuboid with each of its axes holding different lengths while the angles of bordering faces are all 90 ° . Each unit cell is made up of two ethylene repetition units ; a complete unit from one concatenation section and parts of four others from environing concatenation sections. Bank and Krim reported that the a, B and degree Celsius axes of a polyethylene unit cell are of dimensions 7.417, 4.945 and 2.547A severally. This is illustrated in Figure 2.7. extraneous position, position along c-axis HDPE unit cells pack together in a three dimensional array to organize little crystals known as crystallites. Most normally, crystallites of HDPE take the signifier of ‘lamellae ; crystallites with a and B dimensions that are much greater than their hundred dimensions. Lamellae thicknesses are normally between 50 to 200A while sidelong dimensions can run from a few hundred As to several millimeters. Figure 2.8 illustrates a HDPE gill. Assorted theoretical accounts have been proposed to explicate the agreement of molecular ironss in gill. They include next re-entry with tight creases, patchboard, loose cringles and a theoretical account with combined characteristics ( illustrated in Figure 2.9 ) . As molecular length of HDPE is known to be many times greater than lamellae thickness, all theoretical accounts indicate some signifier of concatenation folding. However, they differ in their specific nature of turn uping. vitamin D ) composite theoretical account In HDPE, the most common big scale-structures composed of crystalline and non-crystalline parts are known as ‘spherulites . A spherulite consists of lamellae turning outward radially from a common nucleation site. As this growing progress into formless liquefied polymer, local inhomogeneities in concentrations of crystallisable sections will be encountered. This causes the folded concatenation filaments to inevitable turn and subdivision. As illustrated in Figure 2.10a, a spherulite will resemble a bundle in its early phase of development. Faning out of the turning gill will later bring forth a spherical construction but true spherical symmetricalness is neer achieved due to encroachment of neighboring spherulites. This growing of spherulites besides involves the segregation of non-crystalline stuffs into parts between lamellar threads. Thus the overall construction of a spherulite consists of distorted and branched gill with polymer ironss largely perpendicular to their long axis and formless parts ( illustrated in Figure 2.10b ) . Macbeth - Supernatural Forces EssayTomlins et Al. experimented with the accommodations of injection modeling treating parametric quantities in effort to better the dimensional stableness of HDPE moldings incorporated with organic pigments. Out of the five procedure parametric quantities investigated ( keeping clip, keeping force per unit area, injection velocity, melt temperature and mould temperature ) , they found that high keeping force per unit area had the largest influence on shrinking and warpage. High keeping force per unit area improves dimensional stableness. It was besides observed that increasing the velocity at which the mold pit fills besides reduces out-of-plane deformation. This can be achieved by cut downing injection clip, increasing melt temperature or increasing mould temperature. In add-on, they noted that keeping clip does non hold any influence on out-of-plane deformation. This is interesting as it is common pattern to widen keeping clip to temper out intern al emphasiss in moldings that may do warpage. Other additives in a pigmented polyolefin preparation may besides overrule the negative nucleating consequence of the organic pigments. In their survey of the influence of organic pigments on HDPE mechanical belongingss, Lodeiro et Al. observed that the bearer ( LLDPE ) and/or the wetting agent in the organic pigment masterbatches they used serves to cut down the the negative nucleating consequence of the pigments. The debut of nucleating agents into pigmented polyolefin preparations may besides get the better of the unfavourable nucleating consequence of the organic pigments. This is the attack adopted in this undertaking and will be discussed in item following this subdivision. Tomlins suggested that little alterations in mold design characteristics may function to supply more dimensional stableness to moulded parts. He mentioned that the add-on of stiffening ribs, right arrangement of chilling channels, right choice of gate with mention to portion geometry and the usage of rounded corners alternatively of square border corners all assist in bettering dimensional stableness. Although non a executable solution, it is interesting to observe that the work of Broda indicated that organic pigments do non take part in the nucleation procedure of PP when a high grade of orientation is induced. He reasoned that under high degrees of orientation, really effectual row karyons are formed in PP, and in the presence of such karyons, heterogenous karyon formed from pigment crystals become undistinguished and the crystallization procedure merely occur on row karyon. In this instance, crystallization is besides no longer spherulitic. Comparing the different attacks, it is apparent that some are more practical than others. Surface intervention of organic pigments is effectual but there is an built-in job associated with this attack ; It is extremely possible that new bare organic pigment surfaces will be formed ( e.g. by agencies of shearing ) when pigmented polyolefins are processed into concluding articles. Changing of treating parametric quantities is the simplest and most cost effectual method, but it is by the writers ain admittance that because organic pigments promote really marked anisotropic shrinking, wholly extinguishing deformations by merely seting procedure parametric quantities is really hard. Furthermore, , when a assortment of pigments are used, it is to practical to alter a new set of treating parametric quantities each clip the pigment is varied. Changing of mould design to counterbalance for shrinking and warpage is non ever possible while bring oning high degrees of orientation is non at all executable. It would be ideal if the negative nucleating consequence of organic pigments can be negated merely by adding nucleating agents. 2.5.2. Extinguishing Shrinking and Warpage by Incorporation of Nucleating Agents To day of the month, some work has been done to demo that the incorporation of strong nucleating agents can work out or at least cut down pigment induced shrinking and warpage. These probes have chiefly been conducted on polypropene. In a survey that closely relates to the present research, Tomlins et Al. investigated the influence of nucleating agents on the dimensional stableness of pigmented PP moldings. Although the nucleating agents and pigments examined in their survey were non revealed due to commercial sensitiveness, several of import decisions can be drawn from their findings. Their work showed that add-on of nucleating agents can well cut down in-plane warpage in pigmented PP and the consequence becomes more important with increasing nucleating agent concentration. Decrease in out-of-plane warpage is non as important. It was besides demonstrated that difference in anisotropic shrinking ratio ( ratio between flow way and cross way shrinking ) that exists between PP moldings incorporating different pigments can be reduced by nucleating agent incorporation. This decrease in difference is nevertheless, insensitive to nucleating agent concentration but depends more on nucleating agent type. Many commercial nucleating agents available in the market have been alleged to work out the shrinking and warpage job caused by organic pigments. Halstead and Jones showed that the carboxylic acid salt based nucleating agent from Milliken and Company, Hyperform ® HPN-68L, promotes comparatively isotropous shrinking in PP moldings as compared to other nucleating agents such as Na benzoate. They attributed this to the plate-like atom form of HPN-68L holding no preferred flow orientation whereas in the instance of Na benzoate, ruler-shaped atoms orientate in the way of flow ( illustrated in Figure 2.15 ) . Their work demonstrated that when HPN-68L is incorporated into pigmented PP moldings, the isotropic shrinking behavior associated with this nucleating agent will still prevail while the warpage behavior associated with the integrated organic pigment will basically be cancelled out. It was besides indicated that incorporation of HPN-68L would function to ‘level out the diffe rence in anisotropic shrinking ratio and crystallization temperature that exists between PP moldings incorporating different organic pigments. These findings clearly suggest that HPN-68L has nucleation power that overrides the nucleating ability of organic pigments. This overruling power allows for the production of moldings with indistinguishable dimensions utilizing indistinguishable processing conditions even though they contain different organic pigments. Apart from Milliken and Company, BASF , Borealis and Ampacet besides claim that their several nucleating agents have the ability to overrule the negative nucleating consequence of organic pigments. The nucleating agent from BASF is of Zn monoglycerolate chemical science ( tradenamed Irgastab ® NA 287 ) while that from Borealis is made from a particular reactor technique where accelerator is pre-polymerised with monomers ( tradenamed BNT ) . The nucleating agent from Ampacet can be found in materbatches Ampacet 103003 and Ampacet 103004 but its chemical science is unrevealed. Similar to Milliken and Company, Ampacet besides mentioned that the plate-like atom form of their nucleating agent may be the ground why it can supply better dimensional stableness to pigmented moldings. In 2006 and 2010, Milliken and Company filed for two patents on nucleating agent blends ; U.S. Patent Application Number 11/078,003 and U.S. Patent Number 7,659,336 B2 severally. The former is a blend of Hyperform ® HPN-68L with a phosphate ester salt based nucleating agent, NA-11 ( from Asahi Denka Kogyo K.K. ) , while the latter involves a blend of Hyperform ® HPN-68L and HPN-20E. It was reported in both instances that a blend of two nucleating agents does non ensue in one compound dominating or overruling the nucleating consequence of the other. Alternatively, beyond the outlooks of the writers, the nucleating consequence of co-nucleants both contributed to resultant physical belongingss of the polymer and even yielded interactive effects in some instances. Two of import decisions can be interpreted from the patents. First, it has been discussed that for nucleating agents to extinguish shrinking or warpage in pigmented polyolefins, they are required to overrule the nucleat ing effects of the pigments. However, it is shown in these two patents that even a strong nucleator such as Hyperform ® HPN-68L does non needfully ever override other nucleating agents. In other words, there is a possibility that Hyperform ® HPN-68L may non be able to contradict the negative nucleating effects of all organic pigments. Second, it is besides shown in these two patents that the usage of two nucleating agents may give interactive belongingss and this could be applied to the present research. A blend of K stearate and a carboxylic acid salt could be tested to look into if it imparts interactive betterments to dimensional stableness. 2.6. Word picture Techniques 2.6.1. Differential Scaning Calorimetry ( DSC ) Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, measures the heat flow into or out of a polymer specimen as a map of either clip or temperature. Intergration of extremums in a DSC hint ( heat flow vs. clip or temperature ) gives the heat content alteration in a specimen. When there is heat flow into the specimen, the heat content alteration is endothermal and when the specimen releases heat, the heat content alteration is exothermal. The two chief types of commercial DSC instruments are the ‘heat-flux and ‘power compensated types. A ‘power compensated DSC instrument measures the difference in power supplied to a polymer sample and a mention, in order to maintain their temperatures the same ( illustrated in Figure 2.16a ) . In a ‘heat flux DSC instrument, one individual warmer is used to increase the temperature of both the sample and mention cell ( illustrated in Figure 2.16b ) . Temperature difference between sample and mention pan happening due to exothermic and endothermal effects in the polymer are recorded. ‘heat flux DSC instrument , ‘power compensated DSC instrument A reappraisal of literature affecting the usage of differential scanning calorimetry in polymer crystallization surveies revealed that the value of this technique lies in its ability to quantify assorted facets of the procedure. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry ( changeless chilling rate ) can give the undermentioned information: Onset crystallization temperature ( Tc, oncoming ) Peak crystallization temperature ( Tc, extremum ) Percentage crystallinity , which is given by, % Crystallinity = ( ?Hf ° / ?Hf ) x 100 % Where ?Hf is measured heat of merger and ?Hf ° is heat of merger of the polymer when 100 % crystalline Ozawa advocate ( m ) and rate invariable ( ? ( T ) ) by utilizing equation ( 2-5 ) Isothermal differential scanning calorimetry ( changeless crystallization temperature ) can give the undermentioned information: Crystallization half-time ( t1/2 ) , which is the clip taken for 50 % of entire crystallization to happen Rate of crystallization , which is given by, Rate of crystallization = 1/t1/2 Avrami advocate ( n ) and rate invariable ( K ) by utilizing equation ( 2-3 ) Tomlins and Richardson showed that kinetic parametric quantities from the Avrami equation, N and K, can be farther used for computation of activation energy for crystallization and spherulitic growing rate. 2.6.2. Polarised Light Optical Microscopy ( PLOM ) Polarised light optical microscopy, is the most widely used method to characterize the supermolecular construction ( e.g. spherulites ) of semi-crystalline polymers. The popularity of this word picture technique can be attributed to ease of usage, simple sample readying and low cost. As illustrated in Figure 2.17, a polarised light optical microscope adds two polarizing filters to an ordinary optical microscope. These polarizing filters cause visible radiation that passes through it to vibrate in merely one plane. The first is located below the microscope phase to polarize light supplied by a light beginning ( e.g. halogen or curve lamp ) and the 2nd serves to analyze the polarization of visible radiation after it passes through a specimen ( therefore it is besides known as an ‘analyser ) . By and large, the polarisers are oriented such that their polarization waies are at right angles and no light base on ballss through the system. However, when a birefringent or optically anisotropic specimen is placed on the sample phase and rotated through 360 grades, they will be illuminated at some angles during the rotary motion. For an optically isotropous specimen, the field of position will stay dark at all angles of rotary motion. Spherulites can be view utilizing a polarising light optical microscope because they are ‘spherically birefringent objects with two alone refractile indices ; radial ( nr ) and digressive ( n? ) . The difference in these two indices gives rise to the ‘Maltese cross form as illustrated in Figure 2.18. Polyethylene spherulites have larger refractile index in the digressive way nr lt ; n? ; negative spherulites. polarised light optical microscope A study of literature affecting the usage of polarised light microscopy in polymer crystallization surveies showed that this technique can give the following valuable information : Spherulite size, nucleation denseness and overall spherulitic texture The full crystallization procedure can be followed and onset crystallization temperature can be determined with the assistance of a hot phase and a picture camera mounted on the microscope. Besides with the assistance of a hot phase and mounted picture camera, micrographs can be taken at fixed clip periods to mensurate radius of spherulites ( R ) . Measured radius can be used to find spherulitic growing rate ( dR/dt ) . Krumme showed that by utilizing binary transition and pel numeration, it is possible to cipher per centum crystallinity, nucleation denseness, Avrami advocate ( n ) and Avrami rate invariable ( K ) from a micrograph taken at a specific clip ( T ) . Binary transition basically involves change overing formless parts in a micrograph into black coloring material and crystalline parts into white coloring materials so that their countries can be used for farther computations. normal visible radiation, polarised visible radiation, after binary transition To look into spherulitic texture utilizing polarised visible radiation microscopy, polymer specimens must be in the signifier of thin movies. If thermic history of the polymer is of importance, thin movie specimens can be prepared by microtomy. If thermic history is non of import, thin movies can be obtained either by solvent projecting ( fade out polymer in a dissolver and topographic point a bead of the solution on a glass slide and let dissolver to vaporize ) or by melt pressing ( between microscope glass slide and cover-slip at elevated temperatures ) . Although there are many advantages in utilizing polarised visible radiation microscopy, this technique does hold its disadvantages: In general, merely spherulites with diameters above 5 µm can be resolved and utilize for computations utilizing this technique. Smaller spherulites, such as that produced by the add-on of nucleating agents, may non be clearly resolved and required the usage of other techniques such as negatron microscopy or little angle light dispersing. Cooling rate of commercial hot-stages ( max 20 °C/min ) can non forestall crystallization from get downing before isothermal crystallization temperature is reached. 2.6.3. Shrinking Isotropy Measurements Normally used criterions to mensurate shrinking from mould pit to moulded dimensions of thermoplastics include ASTM D955 and ISO 294. In this research, the former criterion will be adopted. ASTM D955 describes three different geometries that are applicable for shrinking measurings ; Type D2 60x60x2mm square plaque, Type A 12.7x127x3.2 rectangular bars and Type B discoid specimens with 100mm diameter and 3.2mm thickness. It is mentioned that Type A specimens are more applicable when shrinking in machine way is expected while Type D2 specimens are more applicable when shrinking is expected in both machine and cross waies. Harmonizing to the criterion, mould shrinking is calculated and reported for both the machine way, MD, and the cross way, TD: Percentage mould shrinkage in MD = ( mould dimension in MD specimen dimension in MD ) x 100 % mould dimension in MD Percentage mould shrinkage in TD = ( mould dimension in TD specimen dimension in TD ) x 100 % mould dimension in TD In their work, Halstead A ; Jones and Koh both used a shrinking symmetry ratio to characterize the differential shrinking in moulded specimens: Shrinking symmetry = per centum mold shrinking in MD per centum mould shrinkage in TD A shrinking symmetry ratio of 1 would bespeak unvarying shrinking. As the value moves farther off from 1, it becomes more likely that the moulded specimen will falsify.

How to Start an Argument Essay - Tips and Tactics

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Poverty Adversity Essay Samples Medical School Secrets

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